It is Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal. It is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change. Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German States.
The union abolished tariff barriers and reduce the number of currencies from over thirty to two. It refers a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of Nationalist sentiment. Which Treaty recognised Greece as an independent Nation? Who was Earnest Renan? What was the allegory of German States? Which priniciple was propounded by Montesquieu?
Name the personality related to Vienna Congress? What was zollverein? How was it responsible for economic unification of Germany? Who spearheaded the protestant movement in Ireland? Name the region whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs? Which Treaty was signed to bring about an end the changes brought about by Napoleonic Wars? In which year Vienna Congress was held? Treaty of Constantinople 2. French Philosopher 3. Germania Heroism 4. Separation of Powers 5. Duke Metternich 6.
It was a German Customs Union which abolished tariff barriers 7. Wolfe Tone 8. Balkans 9. Vienna Congress In the 18th century Germany, Italy, Switzerland was divided into many states and each had an independent ruler. French Revolution It was the first expression of nationalism. It ended monarchy in France and gave power to the citizens. Revolutionary France mark the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property owning men.
Napoleonic code of It did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. Vienna Congress in representatives of the European powers � Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria � who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
Women had form their own political associations, founded newspapers and taking part in political meeting and demonstrations. Despite this they were denied suffrage right during the election of the assembly.
What is meant by Absolutist? What do you understand by Utopian? It is a vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist. What is Plebiscite? What is Conservatism? When was Zollverein formed? What does Romanticism refer? He was an Italian revolutionary who played a significant role in promoting the idea of a unified Italian state. He believed that nations were the natural units of mankind, and so Italy which was then divided into a number of small states and kingdoms had to be forged into a single unified republic.
During the s, he strived to put together a coherent programme for such a unitary Italian Republic. He also set up two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. These societies helped in the dissemination of his ideas. What do you know about Count Camillo de Cavour? Of the seven states of Italy, only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. When the revolutionary uprisings of and failed to unite Italy, the responsibility to establish a unified Italy fell upon this Italian state.
Cavour led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in , and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs. What was the Greek war of independence? This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between and against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation.
Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of recognised Greece as an independent nation. What do you know about Frankfurt parliament? It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, in the Church of St.
Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end, it was forced to disband on 31 May, What was the role of women in nationalist struggles?
Artistic representations of the French Revolution show men and women participating equally in the movement. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people. Ideas of la patrie the fatherland and le citoyen the citizen popularised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag replaced the royal standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens.
A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation, and regional dialects were discouraged in favour of French as the national language. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the French and the German nation. The importance of the way in which they were portrayed lay in the fact that the public could identify with their symbolic meaning, and this would instil a sense of national unity in them. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
The process of German unification was continued by Prussia after the defeat of the liberal, middle-class Germans at the hands of the aristocrats and the military in Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Over seven years, Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France. These wars culminated in Prussian victory and German unification. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Napoleon introduced several changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him. He formulated the Civil Code of , also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with privileges based on birth. This law established equality before law, and also secured the right to property. Napoleon shortened administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from manorial dues and serfdom.
Transport and communications were improved too. Explain what is meant by the revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? The revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe.
While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire , men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. In Germany, for example, various political associations comprising middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in Frankfurt to form an all-German National Assembly.
This Frankfurt parliament drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Though such liberal movements were ultimately suppressed by conservative forces, the old order could never be restored.
The monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were clearly based on democratic ideals. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification�a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished, and economic equality had to be pursued as a national goal.
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